QCAA Senior Study Hub: Biology, Physics & Mathematical Methods Reviewer

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Biodiversity

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Textbook Lesson 2.1 (pg 69-72) Show Answer & Criteria ↵

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🎯 QCAA External Exam Verbs

Identify: Recognize and name specific features or taxa (e.g. Linnaean levels).

Describe: Give an account or characteristics of (e.g. biological species concept, sampling techniques).

Explain: Give reasons, cause-and-effect mechanisms (e.g. why 'trap-happy' underrepresents population).

Calculate / Determine: Use given formulas ($SDI$, Lincoln index $N$, growth rate $r$).

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Capture-Recapture Estimator

Lincoln Index Workbench

Calculate total population size $N$ using capture-recapture and test common experimental biases.

M (Initial Marked) Captured, marked & released

n (2nd Total Catch) Total in second capture

m (2nd Marked Catch) Recaptured with marks

🧪 Test Real-World Field Biases on $N$:

Lincoln Formula Step-by-Step QCAA Standard

N = (M × n) / m = (50 × 60) / 10

Estimated Population Size (N): 300 organisms

Normal estimation without simulated behavioural skew.

📋 Lincoln Index: 8 Mandatory Steps

Determine focus organism: Set trap for organisms in suitable habitat.
Time duration: When identified time has passed, collect trapped specimens.
Mark specimens: Count trapped organisms, mark with appropriate method (tagging, marks on shell, dusting with colour).
Release: Release marked organisms back into habitat. Wait for identified dispersion time to pass.
Reset trap: Set trap again in identical habitat conditions.
Second collection: When identified time has passed, collect trapped specimens.
Count specimens: Count total trapped ($n$) and count marked specimens in trap ($m$).
Estimate: Use Lincoln index formula $N = \frac{M \times n}{m}$.

⚠️ Critical QCAA Exam Rule: Only relies on living organisms! If a marked organism dies, $m$ decreases, skewing data to overrepresent population size.

Biodiversity Quantification

Simpson's Diversity Index (SDI) Table Workbench

Formula: $SDI = 1 - \left(\frac{\sum n(n-1)}{N(N-1)}\right)$. Enter species abundance to calculate step-by-step.

Presets:

Species Name / Code	Count (n)	n - 1	n(n - 1)	Action
TOTALS	N = 0	N - 1 = 0	Σ n(n-1) = 0

Denominator N(N-1)

Total pairwise combinations

Probability Ratio Σ/N(N-1)

0.000

Chance 2 random are SAME species

Simpson's Diversity Index (SDI)

0.000

Scale: 0 (No diversity) to 1.0 (High)

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QCAA Biology Unit 3 Topic 1 Formula Master Sheet

Lincoln Index (Capture-Recapture)

N = (M × n) / m

N: Estimated population size
M: Number marked in 1st capture
n: Total caught in 2nd capture
m: Number marked in 2nd capture

Simpson's Diversity Index (SDI)

SDI = 1 - [ Σ n(n - 1) / N(N - 1) ]

n: Organisms of a single species
N: Total organisms of all species
Σ: Sum of values
Values close to 1 = high diversity

Population Growth Rate (r)

r = (b + i) - (d + e)

b: Births / hatched
i: Immigrated in
d: Deaths
e: Emigrated out

Species Richness (Menhinick Index)

S = s / √N

S: Richness index value
s: Number of unique species
N: Total organisms sampled

Relative Abundance (Evenness)

RA = (TS / TP) × 100

RA: Relative abundance (%)
TS: Total organisms for 1 species
TP: Total organisms in ecosystem

Percentage Frequency

PF = (Sites Present / Total Sites) × 100

Assesses how widely dispersed a species is
Commonly measured with quadrats

Ecosystem Classification

Specht's Classification System

Classifies Australian plant communities based on two distinct structural criteria:

1. Growth Form of Tallest Stratum:

Trees > 30m, Trees 10–30m, Trees < 10m, Shrubs > 2m, Shrubs < 2m, Hummock grasses, Tussock grasses, Herbs.

2. Foliage Projective Cover (% of ground shaded):

• Dense (70–100%)
• Mid-dense (30–70%)
• Sparse (10–30%)
• Very sparse (< 10%)

Example: Tall trees (10-30m) with 30-70% cover = Open Forest.

Global Bioclimatic System

Holdridge Life Zone Scheme

A global bioclimatic classification scheme based on three empirical climatic axes:

1. Annual Precipitation:

Total yearly rainfall (in mm, logarithmic scale).

2. Mean Annual Biotemperature:

Mean of unit temperatures between 0°C and 30°C (temperatures below 0°C count as 0°C as growth ceases).

3. Potential Evapotranspiration Ratio (PET):

Ratio of annual potential evapotranspiration to mean annual precipitation.

Comparison: r-Strategists vs K-Strategists

Trait / Characteristic	r-Strategists (Opportunistic)	K-Strategists (Equilibrium)
Lifespan	Short lifespans (typically)	Long lifespans
Body Size	Smaller in size	Larger sizes (generally)
Maturation & Reproduction Age	Fast maturation; early reproductive ages	Slow maturation; later reproductive ages
Number of Offspring	Many offspring per clutch/litter	Few offspring at a time
Parental Investment & Care	Low levels of care for offspring	High levels of parental care
Competition Ability	Not competitive for resources	Highly competitive for resources
Typical Environment	Unstable, pioneer, disturbed ecosystems	Stable, climax ecosystems at carrying capacity
Growth Curve	J-Curve (Exponential growth)	S-Curve (Logistic growth to K)

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Biodiversity & Populations Exam Reviewer

QCAA Topic 1 Flashcard Mastery

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Lincoln Index Workbench

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QCAA Senior Biology Unit 3 Topic 1 Practice Exam

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